Karakorum was the capital of the Mongol Empire between 1235 and 1260, and of the Northern Yuan in the 14–15th centuries. Its ruins lie in the northwestern corner of the Övörkhangai Province of Mongolia, near today's town of Kharkhorin, and adjacent to the Erdene Zuu monastery. Karakorum, Mongolia, 2015

The regional climate of the Alti mountains is severely continental: because of the influence of the great Asiatic anticyclone, or high-pressure area, the winter is long and bitterly cold. January temperatures range from 7 °F (−14 °C) in the foothills to −26 °F (−32 °C) in the sheltered hollows of the east, while in the Chu steppes temperatures can plunge to a bitter −76 °F (−60 °C). There are occasional tracts of the permafrost (ground that has a temperature below freezing for two or more years) that coats great stretches of northern Siberia. July temperatures are warm and even hot—daytime highs often reach 75 °F (24 °C), sometimes up to 104 °F (40 °C) on the lower slopes—but summers are short and cool in most higher elevations. In the west, particularly at elevations between 5,000 and 6,500 feet (1,500 and 2,000 metres), precipitation is high: 20 to 40 inches (about 500 to 1,000 mm) and as much as 80 inches (2,000 mm) may fall throughout the year. The total decreases to one-third that amount farther east, and some areas have no snow at all. Glaciers coat the flanks of the highest peaks; some 1,500 in number, they cover an area of roughly 250 square miles (650 square km). Alti Mountains, Mongolia, 2015

Kazakh man.